The “RNA world” Theory of the Origin of Life The theory was first proposed by a scientist named Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith in the 1960s. This could have resulted in further replication, the emergence of life, and evolution to complex organisms. The clay theory suggests that self-replicating crystals of clay may have given way to the formation of life by trapping molecules and enhancing their ability to replicate and catalyze reactions. This stability could have then allowed these compounds to exist for much longer periods of time than under warmer conditions, potentially allowing for reactions to occur and life to emerge. Such cold temperatures could have allowed for many of the compounds implicated in the formation of life to maintain stability. It is believed that, billions of years ago, much of the Earth was frozen and covered in thick ice. 2).ĭirected: life is spread to other planets and solar systems intentionally by extraterrestrial civilizations with more advanced technology.įigure 2: The panspermia theory suggests that life arrived on Earth from elsewhere, potentially from ejected debris following the impact of a meteor on another planet. Litho: life is transported throughout space when an impact on one planet causes rocks to be sent into space, moving to other planets in different solar systems.īallistic: life is transported throughout space when an impact on one planet causes rocks to be sent into space, moving to other planets within the same solar system (Fig. Three kinds of panspermia have been proposed: Panspermia means “all seeds” or “seeds everywhere”, implying that the seeds of life are present throughout the universe. The panspermia theory, also known as the extraterrestrial theory, states that life may have begun elsewhere in the universe and brought to Earth via microorganisms present in a meteor or some other method of transportation. We are indebted to all the contributing authors for sharing their expertise with the wider scientific community.The Panspermia Theory of the Origin of Life Of course, the technology cont- ues to advance apace, but we trust that readers will be able to gage the potential of phage display from our coverage, that some of its subtleties will emerge, and that our selection of methods will prove appealing. In meeting our objectives, we have tried to cover the broad scope of the technology and the key areas of library construction, scre- ing, antibody modification, and expression. We hope that readers will find similar clarity in the technical guidance offered by the book’s contributors. The founding principles of phage display have always held an elegant simplicity. In assembling Antibody Phage Display: Methods and Protocols, we have aimed to produce a resource of real value for scientists who have followed the development of phage display technology over the past decade. As we advance into the new millennium, microbiology and immunology again offer a c- ceptual leap forward as antibody phage display gains increasing acceptance as the definitive technology for monoclonal production and unleashes new - portunities in immunotherapy, drug discovery, and functional genomics. The closing years of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century witnessed the emergence of microbiology and immunology as discrete sci- tific disciplines, and in the work of Roux and Yersin, perhaps the first benefits of their synergy-immunotherapy against bacterial infection.
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